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Interstitial, substitutional, and intermetallic alloy mechanisms .
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Animated dark style SVG: alloy types, examples, and formation mechanisms
Three animated panels explain interstitial, substitutional, and intermetallic alloy formation using moving atoms, replacement, ordering, and example labels.
Alloy Types & Formation Mechanisms
Animated dark-style guide: interstitial, substitutional, and intermetallic alloys with real examples
host metal atom
small solute
substitutional solute
motion
1. Interstitial Alloy
Small metal atoms introduce into gaps
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
interstitial space
C
Mechanism
Small metal atoms fit in intermolecular spaces & prevent sliding.
Alloys are harder, with higher heat & electrical conductivity.
Example: Steel (Fe + C)
2. Substitutional Alloy
Atoms of pure metal are replaced by added metal atoms
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Cr
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Mechanism
Characterized by: same crystalline structure, chemical
properties, and atomic diameter.
Ex: Stainless Steel (Fe+Cr), Cu+Au, Fe+Ni
3. Intermetallic Alloy
Metals combine to form compounds with new properties
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
C
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
random mix → ordered phase
Mechanism
Properties: hard, formula doesn't obey valency rules,
and components are not in the same group.
Ex: Duralumin, Lead-Gold (Au2Pb), Cementite (Fe3C)
Formation drivers:
diffusion
atomic size fit
site replacement
chemical ordering / compound formation
أ/ أيمن منصور — مستشار الكيمياء
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كيمياء ٢٠٢٦ • Chemistry 2026
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